Regulators are often reluctant to rely solely on economic incentives to achieve environmental standards. We evaluate a "mixed approach" of economic instruments and management standards when two environmental objectives need to be met simultaneously: minimum river flow rates and reductions in...

Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ) are employed as compulsory instruments to meet standards on EU water quality. Farmers operating in NVZs face a number of restrictions on agricultural activity and a greater requirement for record keeping in relation to timing and quantities of nitrogen inputs used....