Suppose a two-dimensional dynamical system has a stable attractor that is surrounded by an unstable limit cycle. If the system is additively perturbed by white noise, the rate of escape through the limit cycle will fall off exponentially as the noise strength. The presence of this slowly...

This paper offers a class of diffusion models that mimic the firm's pecking order behaviour and are designed to optimize an intertemporal leverage strategy in the presence of refinancing transaction costs. The proposed class of models is compatible with traditional static tradeoff theories and...