distance function approach has been applied in order to handle both desirable (i.e. number of graduates) and undesirable (i … universities in Italy. Moving from the traditional context where inputs and outputs are assumed to be non-negative, a directional …

non-OECD countries. A Russell directional distance function that appropriately credits the decision making unit not only …

employ the directional distance function and Luenberger productivity indicator. Research and development strategy survey data …