This report summarizes the representation of gender and racial minorities in the economics profession, focusing particularly on the 2021/2022 school year cycle. Specifically, it documents trends in the representation of gender and racial minorities in the top 20 Economics Departments and the top...

Discrimination based on stereotypes is often assumed to be rational from the perspective of individual firms (or individual decision makers) under conditions of imperfect information. This perspective is particularly common in the economics literature, where such discrimination is usually...

We examine the effects of an affirmative action policy at an elite Brazilian university that reserved 45 percent of admission slots for Black and low-income students. We find that marginally-admitted students who enrolled through the affirmative action tracks experienced a 14 percent increase in...

In the first study using data on sexual orientation from a large, nationally representative survey from Brazil, I study the relationship between sexual orientation and a range of labor market outcomes. I find large wage premiums for lesbian women and no wage premiums or penalties for gay men and...

The law of accommodations within employment discrimination law evolved significantly in 2023. The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA) was enacted by Congress and signed by President Biden in 2022, and it became effective on June 27, 2023. The Act creates a statutory duty for covered employers...

According to estimates based on data compiled and analyzed by the World Bank, the global population of women aged 65 and over as of 2020 was 397 million (an increase of 106 million from a decade earlier), representing 55% of the total global population of persons aged 65 and over (722 million)...

A number of scholars and civil society actors criticize anti-discrimination law arguing that it neglects the fundamental problem of socio-economic inequalities and rests on an overly narrow notion of equality compared to the one underlying classic (re)distributive policies. This chapter...

Alfred Marshall and Mary Paley Marshall are often described as the first academic economist couple. Both studied at Cambridge University, where Paley became one of the first women to take the Tripos exam and the first female lecturer in economics, with Marshall’s encouragement. But in later...

In May 1981, President François Mitterrand regularized the status of undocumented immigrant workers in France. The newly legalized immigrants represented 12 percent of the non-French workforce and about 1 percent of all workers. Employers have monopsony power over undocumented workers because...

We study racial diversity in American law schools and the impact of state-level bans on affirmative action. To do this, we assembled data on the number of students by minority status at every ABA-approved law school from 1980 to 2021. During this time, the share of minority law students tripled...