performed (President, Vice-President, and Secretaries), so a bias towards disproportionality could exist as measured by the … absolute index of disproportionality which calculates the number of seats non-proportionally allocated. The results show that … modifying their strategies. Additionally, the absolute rate of disproportionality and the number of seats non …

performed (President, Vice-President, and Secretaries), so a bias towards disproportionality could exist as measured by the … absolute index of disproportionality which calculates the number of seats non-proportionally allocated. The results show that … modifying their strategies. Additionally, the absolute rate of disproportionality and the number of seats non …

In this paper electoral disproportionality is split into two types: (1) Forced or unavoidable, due to the very nature … of the apportionment problem; and (2) non-forced. While disproportionality indexes proposed in the literature do not … distinguish between such components, we design an index, called "quota index", just measuring avoidable disproportionality. Unlike …

In this paper electoral disproportionality is split into two types: (1) Forced or unavoidable, due to the very nature … of the apportionment problem; and (2) non-forced. While disproportionality indexes proposed in the literature do not … distinguish between such components, we design an index, called "quota index", just measuring avoidable disproportionality. Unlike …

analysed, in detail. Different measures of disproportionality are used in order to evaluate and compare these systems. We …

1992. Progressivity is measured by the degree of disproportionality, which implies that the burden of taxes is estimated … when income units are ranked according to pre-tax incomes. The measure of disproportionality is decomposed to estimate the … influence from different parts of the tax system on total disproportionality. For instance, the measure of the contribution from …