In this paper we generalize the concept of scale elasticity to accommodate changes in any direction in the input–output space and not only in the radial input and output directions as was done so far with the conventional scale elasticity measure. Our departure point is that we view the scale...

Aim: A problem in efficiency and productivity studies in banking is that some of the input and output prices used in the estimation of cost, revenue and profit functions are proxies of questionable quality with obvious impact on the reliability of performance measures. We address this issue...

Labour productivity is defined as output per unit of labour input. Economists acknowledge that technical progress as well as growth in capital inputs increases labour productivity. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that changes in labour input alone could also impact labour...