In the modern era like today where technological developments are becoming more rapid, many people have used technology in their daily activities. Etymologically, technology comes from the word technologia (Greek), "techno", which means expertise and "logia", which means knowledge. While in...

The core premise of permissionless blockchains is their reliable and secure operation without the need to trust any individual agent. At the heart of blockchain consensus mechanisms is an explicit cost (whether work or stake) for participation in the network and the opportunity to add blocks to...

Many new blockchain applications (e.g., layer-2 scaling solutions, proof-of-stake layer-1 chains, and cross-chain bridges, etc.) adopt an “optimistic” design, that is, the system proceeds as if all participants are well-behaving, presumably sustained by some “stake-and-slash” mechanisms....

In this chapter, we investigate and review how sustainable development can be facilitated and accelerated by blockchain technology through the adoption of renewable and clean energy and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. We first review the fundamentals and unique features of blockchain...

This paper investigates the alignment of existing securities regulations with the emerging landscape of crypto-tokens and blockchain technology. By examining the features of these digital assets, including decentralization, consensus mechanisms, and programmability, we analyze how they interact...

Recently, blockchain technology has been introduced in multiple sectors and industries. This technology is currently stimulating a broader process of social and industrial transformation impacting several potential areas of adoption (e.g., payments, tracking and tracing solutions, authenticity)....

The promising markets for voluntary carbon credits are faced with crippling challenges to the certification of carbon sequestration and the lack of scalable market infrastructure in which companies and institutions can invest in carbon offsetting. This amounts to a funding problem for green...

This treatise explores the long-run value of crypto assets from an economic perspective. After a discussion of the fundamental distinction between different types of crypto assets and applicable valuation methods, it is described how crypto currencies might derive their economic value from being...

We propose a taxonomy of cybercrime on the Ethereum blockchain and examine how cybercrime impacts victims’ risk-taking and returns. Our difference-in-differences analysis of a sample of victims and matched non-victims suggests that victims increase their long-term total risk-taking and earn...