Instrumental variables (IV) methods are central to applied microeconomics. While classical approaches assume linear models with constant effects, recent literature has shifted toward the local average treatment effect (LATE) framework to accommodate heterogeneous treatment effects. This paper...

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 was accompanied by a significant reduction of its gas supply to Europe, causing sharp energy price surges and prompting governments to respond with public appeals and programs aimed at reducing consumption. This paper investigates the effects of price...

The integration of the digital economy and the real economy plays a pivotal role in building a high-level, self-reliant, and robust national economic circulation system. Drawing on theories of intra-product specialization and industrial linkage, this study innovatively explores the impact of...