Though the envelope theorem is a widely used tool of applied economic analysis, the standard version of the theorem can only be used if all of the choice variables are assumed to be continuous. This limitation is significant because the natural description of many economic choice variables is as...

Many separable dynamic incentive problems have primal recursive formulations in which utility promises serve as state variables. We associate families of dual recursive problems with these by selectively dualizing constraints. We make transparent the connections between recursive primal and dual...