In evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of tests, a gold standard on the disease status is required. However, in many complex diseases, it is impossible or unethical to obtain such the gold standard. If an imperfect standard is used as if it were a gold standard, the estimated accuracy of the tests...

State space models provide a useful stochastic description for dynamic phenomena, based on unobserved or latent variables. When the model rests on linear and Gaussian assumptions there exists a well-known iterative procedure, called the Kalman filter, which gives analytic updating recursion for...

For the treatment of specific interest rate risk, a risk model is suggested, quantifying and combining both market and credit risk components consistently. The market risk model is based on credit spreads derived from traded bond prices. Though traded bond prices reveal a maximum amount of...