In the last decade Markov-regime switching (MRS) models have been extensively used for modeling the unique behavior of spot prices in wholesale electricity markets. This popularity stems from the models’ relative parsimony and the ability to capture the stylized facts, in particular the mean...

We provide a comprehensive overview of latent Markov (LM) models for the analysis of longitudinal data. The main assumption behind these models is that the response variables are conditionally independent given a latent process which follows a first-order Markov chain. We first illustrate the...

In the context of multilevel longitudinal data, where sample units are collected in clusters, an important aspect that should be accounted for is the unobserved heterogeneity between sample units and between clusters. For this aim we propose an approach based on nested hidden (latent) Markov...