Euro banknotes and coins are legal tender in the euro area. Cash is also an important payment instrument for ensuring that consumers have the freedom to choose how they pay, and it is essential for the financial inclusion of all groups in society. The Eurosystem cash strategy aims to ensure that...

In the ECB's Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) for the third quarter of 2024, expectations for headline HICP inflation were largely unchanged from the previous survey (conducted in the second quarter of 2024).1 Headline inflation was expected to decline from 2.4% in 2024 to 2.0% in 2025...

As of 2022 the ECB decided to adopt an internal framework supporting the integration of the objectives of the European Climate Law into the ECB's policies, projects, and activities and also to report on these measures in the ECB's Annual Report. In 2023 this framework was further developed,...

This special topic investigates the extent to which selling price expectations (SPE) from the harmonised EU programme of business surveys contain leading information for forecasting short-term developments in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP). The analysis is based on a...

In the ECB's Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) for the fourth quarter of 2024, expectations for headline HICP inflation were largely unchanged from the previous survey (conducted in the third quarter of 2024), although expectations for 2025 were revised downwards slightly. Headline...

In the ECB's Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) for the fourth quarter of 2024, expectations for headline HICP inflation were largely unchanged from the previous survey (conducted in the third quarter of 2024), although expectations for 2025 were revised downwards slightly. Headline...