This paper articulates the necessity of emphasizing the absolute level of environmental degradation in different countries as a guide to understanding the links between such degradation and economic development. We argue the case for developing a composite environmental degradation index (EDI)...

We study the eventual structural differences of climate change leading ‘actors' such as Northern EU countries, and ‘lagging actors' - southern EU countries and the ‘Umbrella group' - with regard to long run (1960-2001) carbon-income relationships. Parametric and semi parametric panel...