Motivated by agency conflicts of real earnings management and upper echelons in CEO demographic characteristics, this study examines the effect of CEO attributes on real earnings management and addresses the question of whether the presence of an independent board ensures accurate and reliable...

I study when a firm prefers to be transparent about pay using a simple multidimensional signaling model. Pay transparency within the firm means that a worker can learn about his own worker-firm match from another worker's pay. This can either encourage or discourage workers-which affects...