This study examines the connection between innovation inputs, outputs, and efficiency. Additionally, to establish the connections between the global innovation mechanisms. Furthermore, a closer look at how factors are distinguished and found to be significant based on a country's level of...

This study is concerned with applying fractional calculus in modelling tuberculosis (TB) transmission dynamics. A new six-dimensional fractional-order mathematical model in the sense of the Caputo derivative operator is formulated to capture memory effects in the spread process of tuberculosis....