This report makes use of a unique data-set, the Social Activity Measure (SAM), which was collected fortnightly over an 18-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic from January 2021 to June 2022. The aim of the analysis presented is to derive lessons for any future situations where the...

The aim of this paper is to quantitatively assess the propagation of supply shocks across European regions, triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and diffused through Global Value Chains (GVCs). By taking advantage of the cross-country variation in policy responses to the pandemic, as well as the...

The COVID-19 pandemic shock resulted in a specific global health, social and economic multi-crisis, which was an unprecedented crisis in post-WW2 history. Both in terms of the devastating consequences on the health of the world's population of sufferers, as well as on the extent of the impact on...