This paper presents a mathematical programming model to reduce bias for both aggregate demand forecasts and lower echelon forecasts comprising a hierarchical forecasting system. Demand data from an actual service operation are used to illustrate the model and compare its accuracy with a standard...

Product-harm crises are among a firm s worst nightmares. Since marketing investments may be instrumental to convince consumers to purchase the firmamp;apos's products again, it is important to provide an adequate measurement of the effectiveness of these investments, especially after the crisis....