I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

User rights in fisheries refer to the rights of fishers to harvest from fish resources. In terms of exclusivity, security, duration and transferability these rights can be strong or they can be weak. For this a definition of and a measure of the strength of user rights is needed. We refer to...

The composition of flora and fauna in low-lying coastal regions worldwide is being altered by sea-level rise in a changing climate, favoring saline-tolerant species. These shifts are projected to have significant implications for nature-based livelihoods, resource availability, market prices,...

The expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a core focus of global conservation efforts, with the "30x30" initiative to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030 serving as a prominent example of this trend. This paper examines a series of proposed MPA network expansions of various sizes and...

As Bangladesh's economy grows and the country becomes rapidly urbanized, plastic pollution has become an escalating problem. Moving forward, the Government of Bangladesh aims for sustainable development by stepping up and modernizing the action on pollution and waste management and adopting...

This in-depth analysis explores the complexities of fisheries and aquaculture management in the United States, focusing on the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA). The MSA establishes ten national standards and eight Regional Fishery Management Councils to develop and...