According to Euler–Lagrange duality principle of kinematic wave (KW) theory any well-posed initial value traffic flow problem can be solved with the same methods either on the time–space (Euler) plane or the time vs vehicle number (Lagrange) plane. To achieve this symmetry the model...

Purpose – This study aims to determine whether smartphones create the best communication fit with a young audience. Design/methodology/approach – To validate the hypotheses, a task-based laboratory study was conducted. And smartphone film and television (TV) film were provided in the...