This paper uses fractional integration methods to obtain comprehensive evidence on the evolution of the number of hot …

fractional integration methods. Their linkages are then investigated by means of regression analysis. The results indicate that …(d), fractional integration process, with d less than 1. Since the orders of integration of the two variables are different, we treat …

countries from the OECD Database using fractional integration methods. The sample period varies depending on data availability …

daily and the sample period goes from 1 January 2023 to 23 June 2025. The adopted fractional integration framework is more …

the potential impact of disrupting factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is carried out using a fractional … integration framework, which provides evidence of mean reversion in the credit series, but not in the debt series. The policy …

daily and the sample period goes from 1 January 2023 to 23 June 2025. The adopted fractional integration framework is more …

the potential impact of disrupting factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is carried out using a fractional … integration framework, which provides evidence of mean reversion in the credit series, but not in the debt series. The policy …

In this article, daily CO2 emissions for the years 2019-2022 are examined using fractional integration for Brazil …