We examine the effect of using common concentration measures, such as the HHI after the merger or its change due to the merger (delta criterion), as guidelines to evaluate merger requests. We compare equilibrium merger approvals against those arising if, instead, the competition authority...

The current European energy crisis, prompted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, created an unparalleled set of legislative efforts and regulatory developments in the European Union (“EU”) throughout 2022. Some initiatives were made in response to the crisis while others had been in the...

The European Clean Hydrogen Alliance promotes investments and stimulates large-scale clean hydrogen production. It is part of the EU's efforts to ensure industrial leadership and accelerate the decarbonisation of industry in line with climate change objectives. It brings together renewable and...

The European Clean Hydrogen Alliance promotes investments and stimulates large-scale clean hydrogen production. It is part of the EU's efforts to ensure industrial leadership and accelerate the decarbonisation of industry in line with climate change objectives. It brings together renewable and...

Japan has adopted several policies that signal its intent to rely on hydrogen to achieve net-zero climate goals. However, many of those same policies are unclear about its support for a transition to green hydrogen. Relying on gray and blue hydrogen without a transition to green hydrogen will...

With its portable, storable, and zero-emission features, hydrogen energy is regarded as one of the most promising alternative energies for the next generation. Along with developing hydrogen technology applications, Japan's pilot experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of a hydrogen...

The potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) based biosensors for water monitoring and early warning is widely recognized. However, the formation of electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) in MFCs typically requires a lengthy time span, and these biosensors are predominantly used in anaerobic...

The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies started researching the role of hydrogen in the energy transition in 2020. Since then the interest in hydrogen has continued to grow globally across the energy industry. A key research question has been the extent to which clean hydrogen can be scaled up...