In economics, an important concept called "the upward demand for factors of production" refers to the relationship between the prices of factors of production, such as labor, capital, and natural resources, and the level of factor prices. Factors such as production levels, output prices, prices...

We supplement the ‘Idea Production Function’ (IPF) with measures of R&D capital. We construct the R&D capital stock in the US, and estimate the IPF with patent applications as R&D output, allowing for a flexible treatment of R&D productivity (over 1968-2019). The estimated substitution...

This paper is concerned with significance testing of the effects of exogenous determinants upon the one-sided deviation term of a semiparametric stochastic frontier model. Two nonparametric significance tests for all or a subset of the determinants of inefficiency are proposed. The proposed...