This paper compares the communication strategies of the Fed and the ECB and their impact on financial markets. Interest rates options were used to calculate daily probability distributions of market expectations and to examine how they are modified by central banks’ announcements. We found...

Already before the EU Directive 96/92/EG was passed in 1996, some countries in the EU had started their liberalisation process for energy markets. So, in 1991, Norway established a national power market that in 1996 turned into the multinational power exchange Nord Pool, including all Nordic...