Train is a popular mode of ground transportation due to the ability to accommodate a large number of passenger, save time, avoid traffic congestion, offer cost-effective fares, and provide a relatively high level of safety. These benefits contribute to an annual increase in passenger numbers,...

Infrastructural projects based on public-private partnership (PPP) schemes usually struggle with large amounts of resources. Given such projects' relatively long lifetime, it is expected to encounter a wide range of risks when executing them. This implies that increasing productivity based on...

The intuitionistic fuzzy differential equation (IFDE) is a robust mathematical tool that can deal with problems arising from model uncertainties. Intuitionistic sets are generalized sets of fuzzy sets. They establish that IFDE comprises an intuitionistic number characterized by membership and...

Spam emails are unwanted and unsolicited messages. The major problems in email spam detection methods are low detection rates and a high likelihood of false alarms. This study proposes a hybrid correlation-based deep learning model for email spam classification using a fuzzy inference system....

The approach of evaluating the fnal scores of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods according to the strength of association with real-life rankings is interesting for comparing MCDM methods. This approach has recently been applied mostly to fnancial data. In these studies, where it is...

Numerous expansions of fuzzy sets have been proposed to manage uncertain information in real-world problems. Unlike fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, picture fuzzy sets independently consider membership, non-membership, and indeterminacy. They have been extensively employed to delineate...

Fuzzy fractional differential has the strength to capture the senses of memory and uncertainty simultaneously involved in dynamical systems. However, a solution for fuzzy fractional differential equations is not always found regularly. This paper discusses a numerical solution approach for the...

The knowledge measure of fuzzy sets (FSs) has drawn greater attention and is still unresolved since it is the complementary idea to fuzzy entropy. The amount of knowledge is important in evaluating fuzzy information. This study proposes an exponential entropy-based knowledge measure for fuzzy...

The world population is vulnerable to emerging and possibly re-emerging infectious diseases. Climate change, globalization, increased travelling, and urbanization are dynamic factors behind disease emergence and reemergence. This study formulates and analyzes a model with five inputs, viz....