This note provides a conceptual framework to organize discussions of the appropriateness of the monetary policy stance and presents tools that country teams can employ to measure, report, and evaluate the stance of monetary policy. The note focuses exclusively on aggregate demand...

This study aimed to evaluate the conditional effect of exchange rate volatility on stock prices and returns in the emerging markets of BRICS nations. Using daily data from 1 January 2000 to 30 December 2023, wavelet and quantile analysis were conducted. The Markov-regime model was estimated for...

This study used panel data analysis to investigate the relationship between economic growth and some selected macroeconomic variables such as the money supply, inflation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and government spending. The study used Fixed Effects (FE), Random Effects (RE), and...

In its response to the economic and financial crises of 2008, the sovereign debt and euro crisis of 2010-2015, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2023, the European Central Bank (ECB) implemented an unconventional monetary policy aimed at providing liquidity for more than a decade, through a...