Over the past two decades, the Black Sea region has exhibited significantly growing wheat production and exports. In 2017/18, Russia ultimately became the world’s largest wheat exporter, a position that was held by the USA for decades. Mostly serving destination markets in the Middle East and...

This paper studies the volatility of electricity spot prices in the Nordic market (Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway) under regime switching. Utilizing Markov-switching GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) models, we provide strong evidence of nonlinear regime...

The cryptocurrency market, known for its inherent volatility, has been significantly influenced by external shocks, particularly during periods of global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. This study investigates the volatility of the top seven cryptocurrencies by...