This study investigates the impact of economic sanctions on exchange rate volatility, with a specific focus on the role of foreign reserves in mitigating these effects across 21 countries from 2002 to 2022. Employing advanced econometric models, including Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE)...

This study investigates the multifaceted relationship between international sanctions and economic freedom, treating it not simply as an economic construct but as a fundamental pillar of societal well-being. Drawing upon a panel dataset of 21 countries subjected to sanctions between 2002 and...

Economic sanctions significantly influence stock market capitalization and have critical implications for the national economy. This study investigates the impact of economic sanctions on stock market capitalization, focusing on the roles of national reserves and financial market access in...