With the emergence of more and more synthetic substances since the 1960's, and broader use occurring from the 1980's onwards, there has been an increasing commodification of the market in new psychoactive substances (NPS). The European Union took an active stance as regards the regulation of...

With the adoption and subsequent national implementation of the E-Commerce Directive's safe harbour regime, the architecture set up in Europe for the liability of internet intermediaries for third party copyright infringement has become two-tiered: at a first stage, it is necessary to examine...

In the context of the proposed European CCCTB there is clearly a perceived need for the introduction of a common thin capitalization rule. This rule would be aimed at dealing with inbound investment emerging from both third countries, and from Member States opting out of the CCCTB. The principal...

As the main tool for the achievement of the proper functioning of the internal market, the Union is focused on the process of harmonization. The role of harmonization in the EU’s internal market is to remove barriers to trade and to facilitate free movement of goods, persons, services, and...

We explore whether the transparency in banks' lending activities enhances the harmonization of credit terms that a bank offers across its different geographic regions. We take advantage of a novel loan-level reporting initiative by the European Central Bank, which requires repo borrowing banks...

What are the prospects for the upward harmonization of regulatory standards, and why do governments support or oppose more stringent supranational regulation? To answer these questions, this paper examines an important case of upward regulatory harmonization, the European Union's non-financial...

Harmonising Regulatory and Antitrust Regimes for International Air Transport addresses the timely and problematic issue of lack of uniformity in legal standards for international civil aviation.First, it focuses on discrepancies within the regulatory and antitrust framework and possible...