The insufficient and inefficient public expenditure on health services by any health system creates physical and financial barriers to using health care services, especially for poor people and uncovered informal sector workers. This leads to the appearance of household direct out-of-pocket...

Objective Universal health coverage (UHC) is a major pathway to save many people from catastrophic and impover‑ ishing healthcare spending and address the inequality in health and healthcare. The objective of this paper is to assess the efciency with which health systems in sub-Saharan Africa...