In recent years, there has been a fast growth in the application of long-memory processes to underlying assets including stock, volatility index, exchange rate, etc. The fractional Brownian motion is the most popular of the long-memory processes and was introduced by Kolmogorov in 1940 and later...

This paper investigates the time-varying efficiency of Western European stock markets and examines how macroeconomic events defined as endogenous and exogenous shocks influence the degree of efficiency by either long-range dependence or mean reverting. We apply a rolling-window detrended...