This paper provides a comparative analysis of the economic crises in Argentina and Lebanon to derive policy-relevant lessons for the design of IMF-supported adjustment programs in fragile economies. Using a structured comparative case study approach, the study examines crisis dynamics, policy...

This Country Program Evaluation assesses the World Bank Group’s support to Indonesia between FY 2013 and FY23. The evaluation period included three country strategies: the FY13–15 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), the FY16–20 Country Partnership Framework (CPF), and the ongoing FY21–25...

This Country Program Evaluation reviews the World Bank Group’s engagement in Ethiopia during FY2013–FY2023 across three distinct periods: rapid growth with rising macroeconomic imbalances and political unrest (FY13–FY18); government-led openings to economic reform (FY19–FY20); and...

Russia’s war in Ukraine continues unabated, despite international efforts to broker a peace settlement. Nearly four years of full-scale war have taken a staggering social, humanitarian, and economic toll, with real GDP in 2025 estimated at about 20 percent below pre-war levels. The authorities...

Being indebted represents significant risks associated with global financial instability in a world where financial stability hangs precariously between debt and economic growth. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) casts a critical eye over countries navigating the perilous seas of fiscal...

The economy of Cabo Verde has been growing at a fast pace over the last four years. The authorities have maintained macroeconomic stability and advanced reforms, though climate risks, SOE pressures, and global uncertainties remain. Economic growth is projected at 5.2 percent in 2025, following...

Despite headwinds from energy shortages and declining prices for key export commodities, the recovery gained further momentum in 2025, underpinned by robust domestic demand. After peaking in March, inflation steadily declined on the back of lower import prices and improved supply conditions....