This paper develops a simple model of colonial wars and trade restrictions. Two metropolises compete to gain control over the trade policy of a colony. In equilibrium, the winning metropolis can improve its own terms of trade by restricting trade flow between the rival metropolis and the colony....

Increasing complexity of regulation over time is a regular empirical phenomenon whenever political processes attempt to control economic activity. In this paper it is argued that a tendency toward increasing complexity of controls is probably inherent in most efforts to regulate, and that the...

Under what conditions do high levels of export concentration in a single market generate vulnerability to coercive economic power? This paper investigates that question by examining the experiences of Australian export industries that lost access to the Chinese market during a sanctions episode...

The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of four export barrier groups - human capital, cultural, administrative, and financial - on the product export barrier. The study participants constitute a statistically significant sample of 318 exporting companies in Brazil. The research...

The COVID-19 pandemic re-emphasized the role of vaccines in prevention and control of outbreaks and infectious diseases, but not all countries are able to produce them. Limited domestic capacities combined with other bottlenecks have often resulted in vaccine stockouts in many countries. In this...