Many multinational companies (MNCs) doing business in China find that issues of corruption in business are common and dangerous problems. Such problems can expose MNCs to liability under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) with all of its attendant serious consequences. MNCs need to...

This paper presents a new measure of aggregate trade restrictions (MATR) using data from the International Monetary Fund's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is strongly correlated with existing measures of trade restrictiveness but is more comprehensive in...

Are Temporary Trade Barriers (TTBs) introduced for strategic reasons? To answer this question, we construct a novel sectoral measure of retaliation using daily bilateral data on TTB responses in 1220 subsectors across a panel of 25 advanced and emerging market economies over 1989-2019. Stylized...

This article will discuss how the rules on tariffs and non-tariff barriers have restricted market access for many developing countries by considering the law on trade in goods. In general, it will highlight the main principles upon which World Trade Organisation Law (WTO) is hinged and the rules...

Modern regional trade agreements focus on promoting bilateral exchange mostly by lowering non-tariff barriers to trade. But do existing regional trade agreements actually deliver what they promise? This paper argues that existing results in the literature are upward biased because of measurement...