The article aims to answer the following questions: 1) How has the European Union's international trade developed in terms of goods and geography in the last two years, and to what extent has it been resilient to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic? 2) To what extent has the ambitious path to...

To entice customers to purchase, sellers on online platforms often misrepresent the quality of their goods/services, e.g., by manipulating consumer opinion. We analyze an oligopoly where sellers, heterogeneous in their true quality, compete by jointly choosing their prices and the extent of...

Digital platforms use recommendations to facilitate the exchange between platform actors, such as trade between buyers and sellers. Platform actors expect, and legislators increasingly require that competition, including recommendations, are fair—especially for a market-dominating platform on...

Problem definition: E-commerce is booming and gradually becomes the mainstream shopping method in the world incubating a variety of e-commerce platforms. However, the performance of operation models varies in different environments. Motivated by the prosperity of Shopify, a emerging e-commerce...

The digital economy’s functioning hinges upon the close collaboration of various core elements. Data, as a pivotal production factor, derives its value not in isolation but rather from its intricate connection to physical media, like data processors and storage devices. This paper introduces a...

E-commerce certification can signal a firm's quality, reducing information frictions and incentivizing quality upgrading. This paper examines the effect of certification on quality upgrading both econometrically and using a novel dynamic structural model. To this end, we collected data from...