This paper investigates efficient estimation of heterogeneous coefficients in panel data models with common shocks, which have been a particular focus of recent theoretical and empirical literature. We propose a new two-step method to estimate the heterogeneous coefficients. In the first step,...

An approximate factor model of high dimension has two key features. First, the idiosyncratic errors are correlated and heteroskedastic over both the cross-section and time dimensions; the correlations and heteroskedasticities are of unknown forms. Second, the number of variables is comparable or...