This occasional paper was written by Takatoshi Ito (University of Tokyo) and Tomoko Hayashi (Japan Bank for International Cooperation).Inflation targeting has become a popular monetary policy framework for the pursuit of price stability among many countries, advanced and developing, since the...

This study reexamines optimal inflation rates with trending relative prices. The key feature of this analysis is the heterogeneous production network. This study finds that (i) the production network matters for the optimal CPI inflation rates and (ii) the indirect cascading effects through the...

One major outcome of the Federal Reserve’s 2019–20 framework review was the adoption of a Flexible Average Inflation Targeting (FAIT) strategy in August 2020. Using synthetic control methods, we document that U.S. inflation rose post-FAIT considerably more than predicted had the strategy not...

We use a representative online survey to investigate the inflation expectations of German consumers and the credibility of the ECB’s inflation target during the recent high inflation period. We find that credibility has trended downwards since summer 2021, reaching an all-time low in April...

One major outcome of the Federal Reserve's 2019-20 framework review was the adoption of a Flexible Average Inflation Targeting (FAIT) strategy in August 2020. Using synthetic control methods, we document that U.S. inflation rose post-FAIT considerably more than predicted had the strategy not...

This paper analyzes monetary policy in a model with a potential unanchoring of inflation expectations. The degree of unanchoring is given by how sensitively the public’s long-run inflation expectations respond to inflation surprises. I find that optimal policy moves the interest rate...

The three-equation New-Keynesian model advocated by Woodford (2003) as a selfcontained system on which to base monetary policy analysis is shown to be inconsistent in the sense that its long-run static equilibrium solution implies that the interest rate is determined from two of the system’s...

This paper aims at assessing the impact of inflation targeting on actual inflation when considering inflation perceptions together with interrelated inflation expectations, modifying the seminal papers of Barro and Gordon (1983a and 1983b). The modeling of inflation perceptions and of inflation...