Does exporting intermediate goods induce learning from importers? In this paper, we examine to what extent learning from German industries can be explained by knowledge spillovers, channeled through the export of intermediate goods. Our study is based on a sample of 27 German trade partners in...

The global COVID-19 pandemic has suppressed the economy and people's welfare, including in Indonesia and Central Java Province, as indicated by the weakening of the national economy by −2.06 percent and locally by −2.65 percent in 2020. Although the economy grew by 3.32 percent in 2021,...

Shea butter is a vital commodity in the global economy, engaging millions of women across the African shea belt, as income directly or indirectly in the value chain. The shea kernel is obtained from processing fresh shea fruits and further processed into shea butter. Manual and semi-mechanized...