to identify an average treatment effect parameter using instrumental variables. More recently, Heckman and Vytlacil (1999 …

is treated as endogenous. This approach avoids the use of instrumental variables in a setting where instruments are …

Instrumental variables (IVs) are a commonly used technique for causal inference from observational data. In practice …-learned instrumental variables), which allows learning of instruments and causal inference to be simultaneously performed from sample data … approach ineffective for policy decisions. We confront this challenge by formulating the problem of constructing instrumental …

We compare estimates of the effects of education on health and health behaviour using two different instrumental … variables in the UK Biobank data. One is based on a conventional natural experiment while the other, known as Mendelian …