A constant feature of the politics of European integration in Portugal has been the reactive position of negotiators supported by reactive political parties that resist any substantial institutional changes until policy makers at the top political level decide to adapt to the new rules. The fear...

Since the civil society has been defined as an important participant in the policy-making process in the White paper on European governance, a question that raised discussions relates to the possible strategies to stimulate civic consciousness and common action. The problem is twofold,...