The cell organization is represented by the working group and not the individual, groups that are a major feature of life organization. Quality circles were designed as tools for building team spirit in Japanese companies as a tool to enhance group cohesion and the training of employees. The...

Using the idea of modularity, we study the general phenomenon of open-source collaboration, which includes such things as collective invention and open science in addition to open-source software production. We argue that open-source collaboration coordinates the division of labor through the...

By employing modularity theory, we study the general phenomenon of open-source collaboration, which includes, e.g., collective invention and open science besides open-source software production. We focus on how open-source collaboration coordinates the division of labor. We find that open-source...