A comprehensive overview of the development of contemporary IVTS networks operating within a hawala format, exploring the way in which coalitions of reciprocity are utilized to underwrite system security within such networks, such that they work smoothly and efficiently despite the absence of...

This document contains an edited version of an expert report prepared for the de fence in one of the many 'Hawala'/money laundering prosecutions currently being mounted by UK Customs and Excise. It was created in 2003.