It is important for an architect or a construction manager to easily and accurately estimate the heating and cooling demand of a residential building with a different envelope design in the early design phase. To achieve this objective, this study aimed to develop a nine-node-based Lagrangian...

Building envelope design is considered one of the typical energy-saving techniques. Building envelope serves as the physical separator between building’s interior and exterior environment so as to maintain indoor thermal comfort. To achieve building sustainability, this research aims to...