A principal evaluates an agent based on his knowledge of a subject matter, modeled as a binary state, using pass-fail tests. I show that the optimal test takes a "pick the correct answer" form, with at most three options, regardless of how the principal values the agent's information. In the...

Initiatives for digitization and knowledge management increasingly go hand in hand in the evolving global information society. While digitization initiatives refer to joint or collaborative efforts to convert existing library holdings, whether in print, graphic, audio, or a combination of all,...

This paper explores the application of the Theory of Constraints (ToC) to optimize knowledge production in research settings. While ToC is traditionally used in manufacturing and project management, its principles can be adapted to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of scientific research....

The World Health Organization (WHO), with the scientific support of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), guides the development of medicines for market authorization using biowaiver strategies based on the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). A review of the regulatory...

Studying inter-regional knowledge exchange has recently shifted to a more systematic analysis of knowledge exchange mechanisms between networks of groups of actors, which have seen a rapid growth in number and impact. Although arbitrary or top-down decisions on network membership can result in...

In this paper, the authors address a new approach to three organizational, functional cultures: knowledge culture, learning culture, and collaboration culture, named together the KLC cultures. Authors claim that the KLC approach in knowledge-driven organizations must be designed and nourished to...

An innovation network can be understood as a heterogeneous interorganisational model, whose stakeholders interact through a series of actions of a collective nature based on innovation. From this perspective, and following a review of the literature, this paper aims to determine the factors...

Ecosystems, and the ecosystem services they deliver, are subject to increasing pressures. Sustainable management requires a thorough understanding of the physical and ecological functioning of the ecosystem, the services delivered by the ecosystem to society and the management measures that can...