The number of immigrants to Sweden has increased significantly in the last two decades. In 1990, 9 percent of the population was born abroad. Just over 60 percent of them were born in Finland, Norway and Denmark. Thirty years later, the corresponding figure of foreign born is 20 percent. The...

This paper investigates whether incentives generated by public policies contribute to motherhood penalties. Specifically, we study the consequences of subsidized small jobs, the German Minijobs, which are frequently taken up by first-time mothers upon labor market return. Using a combination of...

Many studies show that motherhood has substantial impacts on women's wages and earnings, but there is less evidence on the effect of the timing of entry into motherhood, particularly over the long term and from contexts other than the US. We analyse a sample of women who became mothers by age 30...

We analyze the relationship between household electricity access and off-farm employment of women and men in rural Africa, using primary survey data from Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia. Estimating regression models, we find that access to electricity is positively associated with women's...