Muhammad Ali Chohan; Li, Teng; Abrar, Mohammad; … - In: Risks : open access journal 14 (2026) 1, pp. 1-20
(CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) to enhance the accuracy and robustness of financial … against standalone CNN, LSTM, and GRU architectures. Experimental results show that the hybrid CNN-LSTM-GRU model achieves … demonstrates faster convergence than LSTM and improved class balance compared to CNN and GRU, reducing false negatives for high …