. Long criticised for inefficiency, privacy policies face a substantive shift with the recent introduction of privacy labels … use of privacy labels as a complementary tool next to privacy policies, the design of the privacy labels does not satisfy … with data protection laws. The empirical data highlight further problems with the privacy labels. The design of the labels …

Food labels are supposed to quickly inform consumers about the nutritional values of products. We provide evidence that … in a system where labels are voluntary, they are systematically distorted. The probability of finding a label on a …

and behavioural research findings on car labelling. Labels effectively help consumers make informed decisions if they are … heterogeneous distributions of the national labels if applied to the national and EU car fleets. Third, we assess the EU energy …