Utilitarianism assumed that what is good is a matter of personal preference (No. 2 in the list) but that the distribution of the good, or the means to the good (the writers thought it always a matter of means) was subject to obligation. (They had no use for esthetics, or beauty except as...

This book presents a major new value theory, value as creative actualization. The book takes a radically new approach to values. All potential values, whether artistic, scientific, political, or economic must be creatively actualized in the world. The theory argues for an active view in which...

In this paper, the concept of “productive energy” as a substitute for conventional labour is examined historically, theoretically and empirically. Over the course of the last centuries, productive energy has been substituted for human, muscle- and brain-based work, providing the wherewithal...