This study proposes a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based on Hummingbird Flight (HBF) patterns to enhance the search quality and population diversity. The HBF has five concepts: (1) Smaller steps toward position updating are more likely than larger ones, (2) Position...

Machine learning has shown great potential in various domains, but its appearance in inventory control optimization settings remains rather limited. We propose a novel inventory cost minimization framework that exploits advanced decision-tree based models to approximate inventory performance at...