Background: The transition to renewable energy is intensifying demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), thereby increasing the need for sustainable lithium sourcing. Traditional mining practices pose environmental and health risks, which can be mitigated through efficient end-of-life recycling...

This study examines a scenario where a manufacturer owns one retailer and collaborates with an independent retailer to sell a single product with Poisson demand over a multi-period selling horizon. The manufacturer protects the independent retailer's profitability through price protection and...

Background: Sustainability is a critical concern in transportation, notably in light of governmental initiatives such as cap-and-trade systems and eco-label regulations aimed at reducing emissions. In this context, collaborative approaches among carriers, which involve the exchange of shipment...