This paper extends the gravity model to financial markets by examining how distance and bilateral linkages influence stock market correlations between the United States and selected emerging economies. To this end, the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator is used to account for...

We derive an admissible parameter space for vector Multiplicative Error Models (vMEMs), explicitly formulating it in terms of the model's matrix parameters through a set of matrix inequalities. Another key contribution is the adoption of constrained maximum likelihood estimation for the...

The paper derives and proves results of Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation of constant unknowns (coefficients, covariances) and time-varying unknowns (factors, disturbances) of static and dynamic factor models and, thereby, extends the statistics and econometrics literatures on estimation...